Kudala sililangazelela ihlabathi elinemibalabala kususela ebuntwaneni.Kwanamagama athi "imibalabala" kunye "nemibalabala" adla ngokusetyenziswa ukuchaza umhlaba oyintsomi.
Olu thando lwendalo lombala lwenza abazali abaninzi bajonge ukupeyinta njengeyona nto iphambili yabantwana babo yokuzonwabisa.Nangona bembalwa abantwana abakuthanda ngokwenene ukupeyinta, bambalwa abantwana abanokuxhathisa umtsalane webhokisi yepeyinti entle.
I-Lemon ephuzi, i-orange yellow, ibomvu ebomvu, ingca eluhlaza, eluhlaza okomnquma, i-brown evuthiweyo, i-ocher, i-cobalt blue, i-ultramarine ... le mibala emihle ifana nomnyama ochukumisayo, othi ngokungazi lutho imiphefumlo yabantwana.
Abantu abanovelwano banokufumanisa ukuba amagama ale mibala ubukhulu becala ngamagama achazayo, njengengca eluhlaza kunye nerozi ebomvu.Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye izinto ezifana ne "ocher" abantu abaqhelekileyo abangaziqondiyo.
Ukuba uyayazi imbali yezinye ii-pigments, uya kufumanisa ukuba kukho imibala emininzi enjalo eyatshatyalaliswa kumlambo omde wexesha.Emva kombala ngamnye kukho ibali elinothuli.
Kangangexesha elide, izidali-bala zabantu bezingenakufanekisela iwaka lehlabathi elimibalabala.
Ngalo lonke ixesha kuvela ibala elitsha kraca, umbala eliwubonisayo unikwa igama elitsha kraca.
Ii-pigments zokuqala zazivela kwiminerali yendalo, kwaye uninzi lwazo lwaluvela kumhlaba oveliswe kwiindawo ezikhethekileyo.
I-ocher powder enomxholo ophezulu wentsimbi kudala isetyenziswa njenge-pigment, kwaye ubomvu obomvu obubonisayo bukwabizwa ngokuba ngumbala we-ocher.
Kwangenkulungwane yesine BC, amaJiphutha amandulo ayekwazi ukwenza ii-pigments.Bayayazi indlela yokusebenzisa iiminerali zendalo ezifana ne-malachite, i-turquoise kunye ne-cinnabar, zigaye kwaye zihlambe ngamanzi ukuphucula ukucoceka kwe-pigment.
Kwangaxeshanye, amaJiphutha amandulo ayenobugcisa obugqwesileyo bedayi yezityalo.Oku kwenza ukuba iJiphutha yamandulo izobe inani elikhulu lemizobo enemibala eqaqambileyo.
Kangangamawaka eminyaka, ukuphuhliswa kwee-pigments zomntu kuye kwaqhutywa ngokufunyanwa kwethamsanqa.Ukuze kuphuculwe ukuba nokwenzeka kolu hlobo lwethamsanqa, abantu baye benza iinzame ezininzi ezingaqhelekanga kwaye benza ibhetshi yee-pigments ezimangalisayo kunye nedayi.
Malunga nowama-48 BC, uKesare omkhulu wabona uhlobo lwesiporho esimfusa eYiputa, kwaye wathabatheka ngoko nangoko.Weza nalo mbala, obizwa ngokuba yithambo lenkumba emfusa, wabuyela eRoma waza wawenza umbala okhethekileyo wentsapho yasebukhosini baseRoma.
Ukususela ngoko, imfusa ibe luphawu lobuhandiba.Ngoko ke, izizukulwana ezilandelayo zisebenzisa ibinzana elithi “ozelwe ngemfusa” ukuchaza imvelaphi yentsapho yazo.Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo yokuveliswa kolu hlobo lwedayi emfusa yethambo inokubizwa ngokuba ngumsebenzi omangalisayo.
Gxumisa inkumba ebolileyo kunye nothuthu lomthi kwi-emele ezele ngumchamo obolileyo.Emva kwexesha elide lokuma, i-viscous secretion ye-gill gland ye-snail yamathambo iya kutshintsha kwaye ivelise into ebizwa ngokuba yi-ammonium purpurite namhlanje, ibonisa umbala obomvu obomvu.
Ifomula yesakhiwo se-ammonium purpurite
Imveliso yale ndlela incinci kakhulu.Inokuvelisa ngaphantsi kwe-15 ml yedayi kwi-250000 yeenkumba zamathambo, ngokwaneleyo ukudaya ingubo yaseRoma.
Ukongeza, ngenxa yokuba inkqubo yokuvelisa iyanuka, le dayi inokuveliswa kuphela ngaphandle kwesixeko.Kwaneempahla zokugqibela ezisele zilungile zinika incasa eyodwa engenakuchazwa unyaka wonke, mhlawumbi yi "Royal flavour".
Ayikho imibala emininzi efana nethambo lenkumba emfusa.Ngexesha apho i-mummy powder yaqala ukuduma njengeyeza kwaye emva koko yaduma njenge-pigment, kwavela enye i-pigment eyayinxulumene nomchamo.
Luhlobo oluhle kunye noluphuzi olucacileyo, oluye lwabonakaliswa ngumoya kunye nelanga ixesha elide.Ibizwa ngokuba yi-Indian yellow.
Inkumba yethambo yokuvelisa ukudaya okukhethekileyo kobukhosi obumfusa
Imathiriyeli ekrwada yetyheli yaseIndiya
Njengoko igama layo lisitsho, yi-pigment engaqondakaliyo evela eIndiya, ekuthiwa itsalwa kumchamo wenkomo.
Ezi nkomo zazityiswa kuphela ngamagqabi emango kunye namanzi, nto leyo eyabangela ukungondleki kakhulu, kwaye umchamo unezinto ezikhethekileyo ezityheli.
UTurner wayegculelwa ngokuphefumlelwa yijaundice kuba wayethanda kakhulu ukusebenzisa umthubi waseIndiya
Ezi pigments ezingaqhelekanga kunye nedayi zalawula ihlabathi lobugcisa ixesha elide.Ayenzi nje ingozi ebantwini nakwizilwanyana, kodwa inemveliso ephantsi kunye namaxabiso aphezulu.Ngokomzekelo, kwiRenaissance, iqela lecyan lenziwe ngomgubo welapis lazuli, yaye ixabiso lalo laliphindwe kahlanu ngaphezu kwegolide ekumgangatho ofanayo.
Ngophuhliso olugqabhukileyo lwenzululwazi nobuchwepheshe babantu, ii-pigments nazo zifuna inguqu enkulu.Noko ke, le nguqulelo inkulu yashiya inxeba elibulalayo.
Umhlophe okhokelayo ngumbala onqabileyo kwihlabathi onokushiya uphawu kwiimpucuko ezahlukeneyo kunye nemimandla.Ngenkulungwane yesine BC, amaGrike amandulo ayesele eyincutshe indlela yokulungisa ilothe emhlophe.
Inkokeli emhlophe
Ngokuqhelekileyo, iibhari zelothe ezininzi zipakishwa kwiviniga okanye ilindle lezilwanyana kwaye zibekwe kwindawo evaliweyo kangangeenyanga eziliqela.Isiseko sokugqibela sekhabhonithi yelethe yilothe emhlophe.
Umhlophe okhokelayo olungisiweyo ubonisa umbala opaque ngokupheleleyo kunye nombala onzima, othathwa njengenye yezona mibala zibalaseleyo.
Nangona kunjalo, i-white lead ayiqaqambi kuphela kwimizobo.Amanenekazi aseRoma, igeisha yaseJapan kunye namanenekazi aseTshayina onke asebenzisa ilothe emhlophe ukuthambisa ubuso bawo.Ngelixa zigquma iziphene zobuso, zikwafumana ulusu olumnyama, amazinyo abolileyo kunye nomsi.Ngelo xesha, kuya kubangela i-vasospasm, umonakalo wezintso, intloko, ukuhlanza, isifo sohudo, i-coma kunye nezinye iimpawu.
Ekuqaleni, uKumkanikazi u-Elizabeth onebala elimnyama wayekhathazwa yityhefu yelothe
Iimpawu ezifanayo zikwavela kubazobi.Abantu bahlala bebhekisela kwiintlungu ezingaqondakaliyo kwiipeyinti njenge "colic yepeyinti".Kodwa iinkulungwane ziye zadlula, yaye abantu abakhange baqonde ukuba ezi ziganeko zingaqhelekanga ngokwenene zivela kwimibala abayithandayo.
Umhlophe okhokelayo ebusweni bowesifazane awukwazi ukufaneleka ngakumbi
Ilothe emhlophe iphinde yafumana imibala emininzi kolu revolution yepigment.
Eyona nto ithandwayo yechrome etyheli kaVan Gogh yenye ikhompawundi ekhokelayo, ikhromati ekhokelayo.Le pigment emthubi iqaqambile kunomthubi wayo ocekisekayo waseIndiya, kodwa inexabiso eliphantsi.
Umfanekiso kaVan Gogh
Njengomhlophe okhokelayo, ukhokelo oluqulethwe kuyo lula lungena emzimbeni womntu kwaye luguqule njenge-calcium, ekhokelela kuluhlu lwezifo ezifana nokuphazamiseka kwenkqubo ye-nervous.
Isizathu sokuba uVan Gogh, othanda i-chrome etyheli kunye ne-coating engqindilili, uye wagula ngengqondo ixesha elide mhlawumbi ngenxa "yegalelo" le-chrome yellow.
Enye imveliso ye-pigment revolution "ayaziwa" njengelothe emhlophe ye-chrome etyheli.Inokuqala ngoNapoleon.Emva kwedabi laseWaterloo, uNapoleon wavakalisa ukurhoxa kwakhe, yaye amaBritane amgxothela eSt. Helena.Emva kokuchitha iminyaka engaphantsi kwemithandathu esiqithini, uNapoleon wasweleka ngokumangalisayo, kwaye izizathu zokufa kwakhe zahlukene.
Ngokutsho kwengxelo ye-autopsy yaseBritani, uNapoleon wabulawa sisilonda esibi esiswini, kodwa ezinye izifundo zafumanisa ukuba iinwele zikaNapoleon zinenani elikhulu le-arsenic.
Umxholo we-arsenic ofunyenwe kwiisampuli zeenwele ezininzi zeminyaka eyahlukeneyo yayiyi-10 ukuya kwi-100 amaxesha aqhelekileyo.Ngoko ke, abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuba uNapoleon wagalelwa ityhefu waza wafa.
Kodwa ubunyani balo mbandela buyamangalisa.I-arsenic egqithisileyo kumzimba kaNapoleon ivela kwipeyinti eluhlaza kwiphepha lodonga.
Ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-200 eyadlulayo, isazinzulu esidumileyo saseSweden uScheler wenza ibala eliluhlaza eliqaqambileyo.Olo hlobo lohlaza alunakuze lulibaleke ngokukrwaqula.Kukude ukuba ihambelane naloo pigments eluhlaza eyenziwe ngezinto zendalo.Le "Scheler green" ibangele uvakalelo emva kokuba ifakwe kwimarike ngenxa yeendleko zayo eziphantsi.Ayizange yoyise kuphela ezinye ii-pigments ezininzi eziluhlaza, kodwa yaphinda yoyisa imarike yokutya ngexesha elinye.
Kuthiwa abanye abantu basebenzisa iScheler eluhlaza ukudaya ukutya esidlweni, okwakhokelela ngokuthe ngqo ekufeni kweendwendwe ezintathu.I-Shiller eluhlaza isetyenziswe ngokubanzi ngabarhwebi kwisepha, ukuhlobisa ikhekhe, amathoyizi, i-candy kunye nempahla, kwaye kunjalo, umhlobiso wephepha lodonga.Ngexesha elithile, yonke into ukusuka kubugcisa ukuya kwiimfuno zemihla ngemihla yayijikelezwe buhlaza obuluhlaza, kuquka igumbi lokulala likaNapoleon kunye negumbi lokuhlambela.
Esi siqwenga sephepha lodonga kuthiwa sithathwe kwigumbi lokulala likaNapoleon
Icandelo le-Scheler eluhlaza yi-arsenite yethusi, apho i-arsenic ene-trivalent inetyhefu kakhulu.Ukugxothwa kukaNapoleon kwakunemozulu efumileyo kwaye kusetyenziswa iphepha lodonga eliluhlaza ekuthiwa yiScheler, elakhupha isixa esikhulu searsenic.Kuthiwa soze kubekho iincukuthu kwigumbi eliluhlaza, mhlawumbi ngenxa yesi sizathu.Ngokuzenzekelayo, iScheler eluhlaza kwaye kamva iParis eluhlaza, eyayinayo i-arsenic, ekugqibeleni yaba sisibulali-zinambuzane.Ukongezelela, ezi arsenic ezinedayi zemichiza kamva zasetyenziselwa ukunyanga igcushuwa, nto leyo eyathi ngandlel’ ithile yakhuthaza unyango lwechemotherapy.
UPaul Ellis, utata wechemotherapy
Cupreouranite
Emva kokuvalwa umlomo kweScheler eluhlaza, kwabakho omnye uhlaza owoyikeka ngakumbi.Xa kuziwa ekuvelisweni kwesi sixhobo esiluhlaza, abantu banamhlanje banokudibanisa ngokukhawuleza kunye neebhombu zenyukliya kunye nemitha, kuba i-uranium.Abantu abaninzi abacingi ukuba uhlobo lwendalo lwe-uranium ore lunokuthiwa luhle, olubizwa ngokuba yirose ye-ore yehlabathi.
Ukumbiwa kwe-uranium yakuqala yayiyeyokongeza kwiglasi njenge toner.Iglasi eyenziwe ngolu hlobo inokukhanya okuluhlaza okufiphele kwaye intle ngokwenene.
Iglasi yeUranium idanyaza eluhlaza phantsi kwesibane se-ultraviolet
Umgubo weuranium oxide omthubi
I-oxide ye-uranium ibomvu e-orenji ekhanyayo, eyongezwa kwiimveliso ze-ceramic njenge-toner.Ngaphambi kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, ezi "zigcwele amandla" iimveliso ze-uranium zazisekho kuyo yonke indawo.Kwakungekho de kwaphakama ishishini lenyukliya apho iUnited States yaqala ukukhawulela ukusetyenziswa kweuranium.Nangona kunjalo, ngowe-1958, iKomishoni yaMandla eAtomic yaseUnited States yayikhulula imiqobo, kwaye iuranium ephelelweyo yaphinda yavela kwiifektri zeceramic kunye nemizi-mveliso yeglasi.
Ukusuka kwindalo ukuya kwi-extraction, ukusuka kwimveliso ukuya kwi-synthesis, imbali yophuhliso lwee-pigments ikwayimbali yophuhliso lweshishini lemichiza yabantu.Zonke izinto ezimangalisayo kule mbali zibhalwe kumagama aloo mibala.
I-Bone inkumba emfusa, i-Indian yellow, i-Lead white, i-Chrome yellow, i-Scheler eluhlaza, i-Uranium eluhlaza, i-orenji ye-Uranium.
Nganye yimizila yeenyawo eshiywe kwindlela yempucuko yabantu.Ezinye zizinzile kwaye zizinzile, kodwa ezinye azikho nzulu.Kuphela ngokukhumbula ezi ndlela zitenxileyo apho sinokufumana indlela ethe tye ethe tye.
Ixesha lokuposa: Oct-31-2021